18 scientific and technological issues of public concern in China

 18 scientific and technical issues of public concern in China
Li, Su Qing summary response to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation jointly organized the collection, collect, organize 18 science and technology issues, according to basic research problems, engineering difficulties and mysteries of the natural world are described, respectively, Class 3, to stimulate scientific and technological personnel, especially in China, including the majority of post-doctoral, Ph.D. scientists, including the courage to dedicate themselves to science , overcome technology challenges, promote the popularization of scientific knowledge and inspire the public Reai technology, interest in learning technology to cultivate the curiosity of young people to explore the unknown. This set of Chinese science and technology issues of public concern, refer to the public or the scientific and technological workers in China closely and with interest, has not yet completely resolved, or a broad academic consensus yet, or still there is considerable controversy, and with the scientific, technical or engineering-related, and have academic value and social significance of basic research problems engineering and technical difficulties and mysteries of the natural world.
Keywords of the Chinese public; science; technology; science and technology issues
CLC N1 Document code A Article ID 1000-7857 (2008) 05-0019-07
Abstract A drive to solicit difficult problems to contribute to the drive, which are arranged in groups as related to basic researches, engineering, and world puzzles. They all are unsolved problems or problems involving great controversy and are of interest to Chinese public in general and to Chinese scientists and engineers in particular. A succinct description is given to each problem and it is hoped that this paper may give some food of thought in the exploration for knowledge and for the pursuit of science.
Keywords Chinese public; science, technology; problems in science and technology
0 Introduction
Albert Einstein once said: Each technological problems often lead to break the major advances in science and technology. Therefore, discovered, and to solve various technological problems, both scientific research and technological development, an important part of scientific and technological progress is an important step .2007 9 month, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation to carry out jointly issued a technology, interest in the education sector [1]. sectoral response to the above 4 problems, engineering and technical difficulties and the natural world to be introduced mystery Category 3, to stimulate scientific and technological personnel, especially in China, including the majority of post-doctoral, Ph.D. scientists, including the courage to dedicate themselves to science, overcome technology challenges, and promote the popularization of scientific knowledge and stimulate public love of science and technology, interest in learning technology to cultivate the curiosity of young people explore the unknown world.
listed in this can be completely resolved, or in academic or without the broad consensus there is considerable controversy, and with the scientific, technical or engineering-related, and have academic value and social significance of basic research problems, technical engineering difficulties and the natural world, a mystery .18 China's scientific and technological issues of public concern, the selection and presentation materials, or from the journal of academic papers on technology, or from newspapers published in China's science and technology related news, or from books of published scientific articles on. As Collection The material is limited, coupled with the limited level of knowledge, this article introduces the 18 selected and the Chinese scientific and technological issues of public concern, the problem of representation, the authority selected to describe the accuracy of the breadth of coverage, etc., are exists in all kinds of problems, expect the reader to criticism and also hope that the reader or recommendation made to the publication br> 1.1 ; whether any even number not less than 6, can be written as two prime numbers? Bach guess, To: every even number can form g6 two prime numbers mm even conjecture was later often referred to as (1,1) or primes. As odd guess the inference is even conjecture that any large odd mm minus 3 is an even number of prime numbers, it is proved that the conjecture is equivalent to prove that even the odd conjecture [2].
years, it's proof has been no tangible progress. Until 1920, the Norwegian mathematician old Brown was in a screening method proved that the expressed as two 9 and the product of prime numbers. after someone began to conjecture made important breakthroughs, including the Chinese mathematician Wang proved that the Wang, Pan cooperation proved that the . This is the new approach, a new idea, it may be in the could ultimately prove to be? ultimately prove on behalf of a state of mathematics. 7. This is accurate to 7 decimal places of pi calculation, he's leading the world level in 1000 years. until the 15th century, Central Asia, Al. Cashin was to break this record, get to the nearest 16-bit p value . According to upload, Zu has written a math book, lost. So, prepare for making the times, Zu is how to figure out accurate to 7 decimal places of pi p value? If using the then 12288 inscribed polygon, to get such precision p value. If it existed in China since the Han Dynasty, , then at least to retain the 12-bit decimal and 12 decimal places and prescribing a power at the time were not easy. Therefore, the Zu p value of pi calculation method is still an unsolved scientific problems [4].
1.3 What Causes Lake which category?
lakes can be divided into several categories according to cause: the formation of the lake by the river called the River event trace lake, the lake formed by the marine activities of the lake called the Sea trace; In addition, constructed lakes, glacial lakes, lake, volcanic lakes. one of our five largest freshwater lake Taihu Lake is the type of the causes of what has still controversial.
early Some scholars believe that ancient sea by Lake evolved from the lagoon, the lake is a sea mark. scholars hold this view assume that 5000 years ago, the Yangtze River mouth, than it is now relying on at Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou area, south of Qiantang River, the Yangtze River estuary is also closer to inland. These two rivers spend months and years to bring their own area of sediment accumulation in the estuary, the constant extension of the estuary mouth in between the two form a large bay. Over time, sandwiched between two rivers surrounded by sand on the Gulf, the waterway gradually been blocked off, water can not enter, the land of the river water was continuously added, the Gulf's salty water began to fade from the new lake thus formed [5].
later, researchers found that the Northern Song Dynasty and nearly rotten stumps, while also discovered the lake dating back 6000 ~ 10 000 years ago, Stone Age ruins of ancient humans. The researchers inferred that about 6 000 ~ 10 000 years ago, the Taihu Lake area is a low flat plain, therefore, the formation of Taihu Lake and the crustal movement may be related to [6].
recent years, scholars have put forward a new point of view: when there was a huge and ancient meteorite from outer space flying, fall flat , and punched a huge lake. to support this view is based on: view from the outside contour of Taihu Lake, the recurve northeast, Lakeshore is broken; Southwest is sticking out of the banks is very neat, like a plane arc, the overall shape typical of crater. Taihu rocks are everywhere around the show by the meteorite impact evidence [7].
1.4 Quaternary glacial activity existed in Fujian you?
2007 年 8 月 3 日, previous early Quaternary, where the glacier was covered [8]. This is the 3rd in recent years, some scholars have claimed that the territory of Fujian Province, found that ancient glaciers direct result of climate and environment, and important sites, is to carry ice meltwater debris, debris material, top-down along the ice to crack under way Dishuichuanshi bedrock for a strong impact on the formation of craters and grinding , because of its shape much like the stone mortar of ancient Tsuishine named high that the vast amount here Moulin, form a rich, a large U-shaped tank bottom ice hanging, ice ridges, glaciers and glacial boulder shovel and cutting sites, which are strong evidence of glaciers existed. Some experts also questioned: the formation conditions of ice must be cold weather, near-surface mean annual temperature below 0 ℃, a year round of the snow; Quaternary ice age, huge climate change on animals, plants, geology, geomorphology and so produced a huge affected, Wuyi Mountain in Fujian Province's highest region on Earth with the latitude, but it preserves the most complete, most typical and largest in the subtropics of the original ecosystem; In addition, Fujian has widespread Jurassic to Tertiary relict plant, indicating that Quaternary glaciers did not form in Fujian. hold this view of the experts believe the newly discovered so-called If the final finding is confirmed, not only can explain the existence of Fujian has been glacial and Quaternary geology environment will likely be rewritten [8].
1.5 SARS from where exactly?
2003 on 1 21, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province Health Department to report on similar patients with pneumonia, the Health Department sent a medical expert diagnosed with SARS investigation and confirmed that super-infectious disease. That night, the experts completed the critical academia has not been determined .2003 April 16, the World Health Organization has declared, SARS virus is a variant of coronavirus. Then Some experts point out, SARS may result from variation of animals may also come from wild animals outbreak of SARS may be caused by wild animals for human consumption 23 .5, Shenzhen and Hong Kong scientists announced that they successfully from wild animals like civet cats isolated the SARS virus, gene sequence analysis showed that SARS-like virus human SARS virus has more than 99% homology for the first time that the humans from the etiology and epidemiology of SARS virus originated in animals [11-12]. Nevertheless, some experts believe is too early to conclude on this issue on SARS traceability is tantamount to needle in the haystack, we can not rush that must come from animals. scholars hold this view that the SARS virus due to the current ecology remains to be seen, and only mastered the SARS virus can really control the natural ecological outbreak of SARS epidemic Therefore, the host can not find SARS virus, SARS outbreaks of the disease at any time may re-[13].
1.6 What the Chinese people originated where?
of human origin and where exactly? a long time, scholars of ancient human dominant view is held: the origin of human beings in Africa, and the only origin of .2000 in August, the United States and Israel, the geological and archaeological experts announced their archaeological discoveries and research findings: human ancestor at least 78 million years ago moved to Israel from Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, the human ancestors, , more than ten million years ago hominids came from Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, and some estimate that this occurred 50 million years ago. And the United States, to archaeological experts concluded the primitive few hundred thousand years, and further support the African origin of human argument [14].
20 years since the 20th century, China's ancient human and paleontologists continue to find in mainland China and activities of ancient human fossil remains, scholars began the origin of the human point of view may result from .1985 in China, China's scientists Huang WB Wushan County, Chongqing Municipality, Longgupo found a tooth fossils dating back some 204 by the years, said the teeth and thus unearthed at the site a fragment of a mandible found in the earliest of ancient human fossils, which will be our time to move forward in human evolution 100 million years, and concluded that the Chinese people may not originate in the African continent. But Wu X Z. Academy of Sciences has that this fossil belongs to Australopithecus mandible were not part of the [15].
2006 年 7, the U.S. scientist Steven. Olson and through the establishment of the family tree model calculated Conclusion: now live in this 6.5 billion people on earth have a common ancestor, they lived thousands of years, or rather thousands of years ago in East Asia living in the area, and even China. Olsen's research in the UK announcement immediately caused controversy. Nankai University, Professor Chang Jianhua, from a simple mathematical point of view, Olson's theory makes sense, but purely theoretical mathematical reasoning can not be proved with facts, and mathematical logic can not replace human multiply logic [16].
2007 年 4 on 3, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Hong Shang, with the text, and the United States St.. Luis Marcus Sterling Professor, University of Washington in National Academy of Sciences, The earliest modern human remains. They found that some of the rural characteristics of Cave Man is now more popular theory of the origin of modern people in Africa raises serious challenges
war [17] .2007 November, researchers at the Institute of Ancient Huang WB Research Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology's originated in the Yangtze River Three Gorges [18].
view, whether of human origin and where the issue will continue in the academic study, discuss, argue.
1.7 China's exactly where the source of dust storms? < br> sand dust storm is the interaction of wind and severe weather phenomena usually occur in the northern arid areas. relevant information, there are five major dust storms in northern China, the source area: the center of the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Minqin area; to Wada-centered southern margin of South District; to cripple the lake as the center of Alxa Plateau; Hangjinqi Yike prime town in Inner Mongolia's Ordos Plateau as the center, as well as Zhu and sand as the center of the Inner Mongolia region Hunshandake [19]. In recent years, some academics have suggested, is located in the southwestern Sichuan Province, the dust storms are also possible sources. Sichuan University Professor Liang Yuxiang on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for decades Ruoergai area precipitation and the occurrence of sandstorms in northern curve of the number of times Graphics and discovered that, as long as one year precipitation Ruoergai region increased the number of dust storms in northern region and drought intensity will be reduced; In contrast, precipitation in the region as long as the Ruoergai reduced the frequency of dust storms occurred in northern areas and drought intensity to a corresponding increase; and is recognized as one of the sources of dust storms in the Hexi Corridor, the rainfall between the North and the sandstorms and no clear correspondence between cause and effect. Liang Yuxiang studies have shown that 1995-2000, Ruoergai ecological environmental degradation, land drought, desertification and the north of the 175 speed dust monitoring points to the observed variation between the data surprisingly consistent. After 6 years of research, Liang Yuxiang proposed Ruoergai area if not the source of dust storms, or at least important Start the source, br> After 2000 years of disaster and survived, Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum is undoubtedly one of mankind's most precious cultural heritage, focusing on whether or not to explore, discover, including when the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, Qianling other arguments, including a long imperial mausoleum , and has not in the academia and relevant government authorities have reached a basic consensus. as an important tourist, cultural, archaeological research resources, advocating imperial mausoleum was excavated, there are various interest-driven nature, but also has archaeological research needs. Therefore, the requirements and advocates to explore the voice, the request, the past 40 years has not been interrupted .2006 October, the famous economist Zhang Wuchang mm published a blog post is to open the tomb of the First Emperor's time, is attracted wide attention and heated controversy [20].
the excavation itself a destroyed imperial mausoleum protection it is a contradiction, which archaeologists discover tomb of the emperor universally opposed. In this issue National Heritage Department has always insisted on National Heritage Board, the official said, such as imperial tombs in Shaanxi Qianling excavation temporarily, the current main task is to protect them for future generations [21] .2007 year, Tong Mingkang, deputy director of the National Heritage Board in an interview that the imperial mausoleum of the great archaeological value, the current excavation, protection technology is still far off, however, is tantamount to destruction of excavation; temporarily explore other emperor Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum mausoleum, is more important is to consider the cultural resources of intergenerational equity, make future generations have the same culture and our consumer rights. He emphasized that the limited technical means, or not mature under the premise is bound to lose a large number of imperial tombs to explore cultural, archaeological and other information, which is made of future generations
Crime [22].
case, what is so when the emperor Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum mausoleum excavated suitable to become a hot topic of public concern.
2.2 Sanxingdui ancient civilization and technology come from?
Sanxingdui Ruins in Sichuan north of the outskirts of Chengdu, Guanghan Sanxingdui, which is a BP 5 000 ~ 3 000 years of the ancient Shu culture site, is a major 20th century archaeological discoveries. since the 20th century, 20 years now, Chinese and foreign archaeologists The large number of archaeological excavations carried out and case studies, found a large number of exquisite heritage sites and the walls, and exquisite pieces, superior technology, especially in the gold mask (also a bronze mask) and the gold scepter amazing. the mask features high nose deeply set eyes, exactly like Westerners; and exquisite gold scepter generally considered a symbol of royal power, kingship and the representative of Chinese culture, the tripod, jade seal completely different. These are people raised the question: is located in the Sichuan earth Sanxingdui civilization and technology come from? scholars generally believe that China, Sanxingdui memory in 3 different but the face of continuous development of three archaeological culture, that is, the Chengdu Plain to the summer generation of the Longshan period site group represented a culture, but also referred to as ; second bridge culture. characteristics of their own culture is always dominant, its influence beyond the traditional scope of the distribution of ancient Shu Chengdu Plain, Southern regions and spread to other places Jianghan. Meanwhile, the bronze civilization by the Central Plains and the Yangtze River middle reaches of the Xia and Shang Civilization , strongly influenced civilization in Southern Shaanxi, showing the ancient Shu civilization strong cohesion and external derivative of the two sides [23].
Some scholars believe that ancient civilizations and technology Sanxingdui ancient Shu people themselves created. According to Huayang. Shu prehistoric cultures, thereby creating a unique culture of the ancient Shu State. Qinmie Shu until 316 BC, the ancient Shu culture began to melt in the Central Plains culture. The Sanxingdui culture that emphasizes the unique, but can not explain it why did the Central Plains culture and a number of similarities. Some scholars believe that Sanxingdui culture is a branch of Chinese culture Central China, Sichuan, after the Central Plains culture with the local situation in Sichuan to develop. According to test, Sanxingdui formerly Samsung sets, Taiwan 3 kinds of argument that the Sanxingdui culture is fundamentally Chinese culture, but by the impact of foreign culture. But in ancient China, . These different versions makes traceability Sanxingdui civilization and technology have become more complicated and confusing, mysterious [24].
2.3 Yangtze hydropower development was excessive?
2006 年 5 months, the China Yangtze Three Gorges Project Development Corporation Vice President Manager Cao Guangjing, revealed in an exclusive interview with China's accelerated development of hydropower resources in Western China, the Yangtze River upstream hydropower development has entered the peak period of 20 years, China will in the Yangtze River, and Minjiang, Wujiang River, Yalong, Jialing River and other tributaries of the building one hundred power plants [25] .2006 May participate in the the equivalent of 10 Three Gorges power plant [26]. April 2007, by the Yangtze River Water Resources Commission Water Resources Protection Bureau and other editor Weng Lida former director of the and protection issues [27]. Yangtze hydropower development was excessive? discuss the problem arising again.
2007, the media focus on this issue was once Minister of Water Resources Wang Shucheng year in April at the published point of view: Despite the abundant water resources in the Yangtze River, Yellow River 15 times, but its degree of development is to face. Wang Shucheng that the development of internationally accepted ratio is 40% water, more than 40% to rivers will lead to serious ecological disaster; the Yangtze River's health standards should be sustainable development, the Yangtze River should be developed to 60% of the appropriate degree, leaving 40% to retain the original ecological conditions and biodiversity [28].
However, some experts hold a different view on this. China Hydropower Engineering Association, Deputy Secretary-General Zhang Tingbo that the adverse environment of the current situation, it is the lack of water resources and hydropower development results. due to lack of good Reservoir for power generation So far, China's water development and utilization rate reached only in developed countries are also about 1 / 4. He pointed out that the international community generally believes that it is precisely because developing countries like China, a serious shortage of hydropower development, which leads to a large number of global water resources flow away in vain at the same time, a large number of coal consumption has continued to rise, causing serious environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, Zhang Tingbo that the development and protection of the Yangtze, the principal contradiction, should never be over-exploitation of water resources, but a serious lack of development; China should also develop the Yangtze hydropower development [29].
view, whether the development of water over the Yangtze River, and only through time and the development of the consequences, to verify the effect.
2.4 China you invented the lightning rod of ancient?
said lightning rod, people usually think that Americans invented .1752 Franklin, Franklin proposed the idea of a lightning rod; 1760, he had a long pointed iron bar installed hard on top of a building in Philadelphia, a wire connecting the bottom, along the building through underground, for the first time the building to avoid the danger of lightning. In fact, as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang phenomenon of thunder and lightning have a scientific observation, and in its , after 952 years, lightning has not been destroyed, the researchers believe that this design due to its construction of a lightning rod structure: Muta high 67 m, of which iron Tasha length 14.21 m, respectively, with eight iron Tasha side chain lies in the roof to be fixed. of the ancient buildings such lightning rod measures long before the invention of Franklin [30] .1688, the French traveler Kaboliou column. a horse cabbage in the : Long tongue along the wire will run from the ground, will not damage the building. Thunder and Lightning effect of the use of facilities, is designed for craftsmen who deliberately lightning protection? Or for that purpose but the accident played a lightning effect of the accidental coincidence? this mystery of the crack, maybe lightning will re-confirm the attribution of rights to inventions.
2.5 to the naked eye to see the Great Wall from space, you?
Great Wall is the pride of the Chinese nation is the world's greatest man-made engineering one. Early in the 20th century, 80 years, the community and the media began to spread, China Sea Wall and the Netherlands dam blocking the only astronauts can see from space, man-made project on earth .2003 October, China's first astronaut Yang Liwei returned to Earth from space after the interview, said he did not see the Great Wall space .2004 May 14, the European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Eugene Cerman website quoted the words of the United States a so-called

Communications industry is becoming a new target of the capital game

 China Unicom regarding the introduction of iPhone hype is not over, return to A shares of China Mobile has become another hot pursuit of capital markets, capital markets communications industry is becoming the new target of misappropriating the game.
Remember two years ago, Datang Telecom stock has experienced a rapid rise, although at that time it is , Datang Telecom to and including TD-related shares, including the type of shock experienced a roller coaster, institutions to misappropriating leave.
speaking, TD has been responsible by Datang Mobile and Datang Telecom listing the company really is nothing to do. But where will the general shareholders such a detailed understanding.
3G before the fact, although the rapid development of the communications industry, the overall environment is relatively calm. capital required by the policies of the speculation or the external market greater impact on the premise of the communications industry does not have.
but since the 3G was raised when issuing a license, made a few, how to deliver the first wave of speculation in the capital market to become subject matter. compare can be found, China Unicom shares 3G experienced before the licensing round of growth, but China Unicom WCDMA really get the license, but an unexpected fall in stock prices. When the time comes into play is the retail sector after another day of departure.
3G licenses are now no longer in suspense, institutions need to have a lot of money in the hands admission, this time coincides with the introduction of China Unicom with Apple to iPhone negotiations. China Unicom's share price finished lower these days have been clear signs of institutional control.
return back to say that China Mobile A Share this matter, the current news media reported that most of the relevant brokers and analysts from the mouth of market transactions from the point of view, there was a large inflow of funds last week, China Mobile, its shares rose nearly one week more than 12%.
profit growth of listed companies in limited circumstances, the stock market is more of a zero-sum game, that I made then you lose. At present the domestic stock market regulatory system is not perfect, and institutional brokerage compared to a weak retail base side, so the market really is a need for caution, even if you are not a speculative investment.